The KG equation is applicable to spinless charged bosons in an external electromagnetic potential.
2.
Introducing the electromagnetic potential paravector defined as:
3.
According to Heaviside, the electromagnetic potential field was arbitrary and needed to be " murdered ".
4.
This set of ionic and electrical functional alterations thus generates the fields of electromagnetic potentials or electromagnetic dipoles.
5.
A simpler formulation more commonly encountered in the literature and used in theory use the electromagnetic potential formulation, presented next.
6.
In 1881 Oliver Heaviside replaced Maxwell's electromagnetic potential field by'force fields'as the centrepiece of electromagnetic theory.
7.
Which are the solutions to Maxwell's equations in the potential formulation, then substituting in the definitions of the electromagnetic potentials themselves
8.
:electrons are keep binded to the nucleus by an "'electromagnetic potential "', see Schrodinger's equation.
9.
The first Maxwell equation is satisfied automatically if we define the field tensor in terms of an electromagnetic potential vector \ vec { A }.
10.
For example, the Dirac Hamiltonian for a particle of mass and electric charge in an electromagnetic field ( described by the electromagnetic potentials and ) is:
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